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Permanent residency refers to a person's visa status: the person is allowed to reside indefinitely within a country of which he or she is not a citizen. A person with such status is known as a permanent resident. == Countries with permanent residency systems == Not every country necessarily has a facility for someone to be a 'permanent resident'. Rights and application may vary widely. All European Union countries have a facility for someone to become a permanent resident, as EU legislation allows an EU national who moves to another EU country to attain permanent resident status after residing there for five years. The European Union also sets out permanent residency rights for long-term resident third country nationals under directive (2003/109/EC). A novel approach was the granting of rights across the national borders of states adhering to the directive. However, a report from the European Commission shows that these rights exist largely in theory, though, and not in reality.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL on the application of Directive 2003/109/EC concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents )〕 Where countries were supposed to grant rights of residency, access to the labor market and rights nearly equal to those enjoyed by EU nationals, many countries had reduced the many of these rights locally, and making it difficult, or very expensive, to apply for the EU level permit.〔''Ibid''〕 The cross-border mobility rights under the directive also failed, with some countries limiting these rights to one of not needing to apply for an entry visa ("D") for the European Union when setting up in a new country. Of the million third-country nationals with "EU rights" residency permits, only around 100 per year were able to make use of the freedom of labor provision across the whole of Europe. An EU-funded project revealed further problems, discrimination and shortcomings in local applications of the directive.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Project report for the Migrants Mobility project )〕 As of 2013, the European Commission did not seem to plan any updates or changes to assure permit holders of the rights promised by directive 2003/109/EC. Other countries have varying forms of such residency and relationships with other countries with regards to permanent residency status. The countries that have some type of permanent resident status include: * Argentina * Australia * Bahrain * Belize * Brazil * Brunei Darussalam (called ''penduduk tetap'') * Canada (permanent residents were known as ''landed immigrants'' before 28 June 2002) * Chile * China (PRC) (called 永久居留权 (''yǒngjiǔ-jūliúquán''), programme started from 2004)〔For details, see the (Unofficial translation of the “Administrative Measures for Treatment of Foreigners Residing Permanently in China” ), 2012-12-18〕 * * Hong Kong (either through ''Right to land'' or Right of Abode) * * Macau * Dominican Republic * Ecuador * European Union: * * Austria (called ''Niederlassungsbewilligung'') - (Descriptions ) * * Barbuda〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CITIZENSHIP BY INVESTMENT: Citizenship By Investment Options - Henley & Partners )〕 * * Belgium - (Descriptions ) * * Bulgaria (called ''karta za postojanno prebivavašt v Republika Bălgarija čuždenec'') * * Croatia * * Cyprus - (Descriptions ) * * Czech Republic – (called ''trvalý pobyt'') - (Descriptions ) * * Denmark - (Descriptions ) * * Estonia - (Descriptions ) * * Finland (permit P)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Finnish Immigration Service: Fact Sheet:Redidence permit for Finland Other than EU/EAA citizen (pdf) )〕 - (Descriptions ) * * France (some types of ''titre de séjour'', such as the ''carte de résident'')〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Étranger en France : carte de résident de 10 ans )〕 - (Descriptions ) * * Germany (called ''Niederlassungserlaubnis'') - (Descriptions ) * * Greece (called ''Πράσινη Κάρτα'') - (Descriptions ) * * Hungary - (Descriptions ) * * Ireland (called ''Permanent residency card'') - (Descriptions ) * * Italy - (Descriptions ) * * Latvia - (Descriptions ) (called "Uzturēšanās atļauja") - () * * Lithuania - (Descriptions ) * * Malta * * Netherlands (called ''Verblijfsvergunning voor onbepaalde tijd'') - (Descriptions ) * * Poland (called ''Karta rezydenta długoterminowego WE'') - (Descriptions ) * * Portugal - (called ''Vistos gold'') (Descriptions ) * * Romania (called ''Permis de şedere permanentă'') - (Descriptions ) * * St Kitts and Nevis〔 * * Slovak Republic (called ''trvalý pobyt'') * * Slovenia - (Descriptions ) * * Spain - (Descriptions ) * * Sweden (called ''Permanent Uppehållstillstånd'') - (Descriptions ) * * United Kingdom (either through ''Indefinite Leave to Remain'' or ''Right of Abode'' or Permanent Residence for EEA nationals) - (Descriptions ). * Ghana * Guatemala * Iran〔()〕 * Israel (The term ''toshàv-kéva'' may refer to a permanent resident without citizenship, or to a citizen with registered abode) * Japan (called 永住権 ''eijūken'') * Macedonia * Malaysia (called ''pemastautin tetap'') * Mexico * Nicaragua (called ''Résidents Permanents Nicaragua'') (Descriptions ) * New Zealand * Norway (〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Want to apply: Permanent residence - UDI )〕) * Peru (A permanent residency option is available for those from countries which prohibit dual citizenship. Permanent residency only requires an annual fee, and no other supporting documents.〔http://www.digemin.gob.pe〕) * Philippines * Russia (called "вид на жительство" ''vid na žítel'stvo'', or ПМЖ ''pe-em-žé'') * Singapore * South Africa * South Korea * Switzerland (called a ''C permit'' or ''Niederlassungsbewilligung (settlement permit)''〔( Permit C (settlement permit) – Federal Office for Migration )〕) * Taiwan, the Republic of China〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=中華民國內政部移民署全球資訊網 NATIONAL IMMIGRATION AGENCY )〕 * Thailand * United States (called Lawful Permanent Residence) * Ukraine (called "посвідка на постійне проживання"' 'posvidka na postijne prozhyvannya'', or ППП "pe-pe-pe") 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Permanent residency」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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